The motherboard of a typical desktop consists of a large PCB. It holds electronic components and interconnects, as well as physical connectors (sockets, slots, and headers) into which other computer components may be inserted or attached.
Most motherboards include, at a minimum:
1. sockets in which one or more CPUs are installed
2. slots into which the system's main memory is installed (typically in the form of DIMM modules containing DRAM chips)
3. a chipset which forms an interface between the CPU's front-side bus, main memory, and peripheral buses
4. non-volatile memory chips (usually Flash ROM in modern motherboards) containing the system's firmware or BIOS
5. a clock generator which produces the system clock signal to synchronize the various components
6. slots for expansion cards (these interface to the system via the buses supported by the chipset)
7. power connectors which receive electrical power from the computer power supply and distribute it to other components
Additionally, nearly all motherboards include logic and connectors to support commonly-used input devices, such as PS/2 connectors for a mouse and keyboard. Early personal computers such as the Apple II or IBM PC included only this minimal peripheral support on the motherboard. Additional peripherals such as disk controllers and serial ports were provided as expansion cards.
Given the high thermal design power of high-speed computer CPUs and components, modern motherboards nearly always include heatsinks and mounting points for fans to dissipate excess heat.
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